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Recommend Paper: GargantuanComputing—GRIDs and P2P (Email)

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I found the discussion of the available bandwidth of tree vs higher dimensional virtual networks topologies quite, to quote Spock, fascinating: A mathematical analysis by Ritter (2002) (one of the original developers of Napster) presented a detailed numerical argument demonstrating that the Gnutella network could not scale to the capacity of its competitor, the Napster network. Essentially, that model showed that the Gnutella network is severely bandwidth-limited long before the P2P population reaches a million peers. In each of these previous studies, the conclusions have overlooked the intrinsic bandwidth limits of the underlying topology in the Gnutella network: a Cayley tree (Rains and Sloane 1999) (see Sect. 9.4 for the definition). Trees are known to have lower aggregate bandwidth than higher dimensional topologies, e.g., hypercubes and hypertori. Studies of interconnection topologies in the literature have tended to focus on hardware implementations (see, e.g., Culler et al. 1996; Buyya 1999), which are generally limited by the cost of the chips and wires to a few thousand nodes. P2P networks, on the other hand, are intended to support from hundreds of thousands to millions of simultaneous peers, and since they are implemented in software, hyper-topologies are relatively unfettered by the economics of hardware. In this chapter, we analyze the scalability of several alternative topologies and compare their throughput up to 2–3 million peers. The virtual hypercube and the virtual hypertorus offer near-linear scalable bandwidth subject to the number of peer TCP/IP connections that can be simultaneously kept open.


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